- The UK left the EU after 47 years of membership on 31 January 2020 at 23.00 GMT, but remains under its trading rules until 31 December 2020
- In the 2016 EU referendum, the “Leave” campaign won by 1,269,501 votes
- The EU and UK have reached a post-Brexit trade deal, ending months of disagreements – 24 December 2020
- The free movement of people between the UK and EU countries has ended – and has been replaced in the UK by a points-based immigration system
- Anyone from the UK who wants to stay in the EU countries for more than 90 days in any 180-day period now needs a visa
- The UK have taken back control of money, borders, trade and fishing waters
- The European Court of Justice no longer have general jurisdiction over the UK in relation to any acts that take place on or after 1 January 2021
Regarding their relationship with the European Union, the British Overseas Territories generally left the EU alongside the UK on 31 January 2020. However, their individual relationships with the EU varied significantly prior to Brexit. Most BOTs were not part of the EU’s customs union or single market and were not covered by the EU’s free movement of people. A notable exception was Gibraltar, which was part of the EU’s customs union and single market like the UK itself and had the most extensive ties to the EU due to its geographic location and strong economic links with Spain. Its departure from the EU necessitated specific ongoing negotiations between the UK, Spain, and the EU regarding its future status.
For territories like the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands, which have no permanent inhabitants, the impact of leaving the EU is less about changes to daily life or migration rules, and more about the implications for scientific cooperation, environmental agreements, and resource management within the context of international treaties
The Westminster system, developed in England and named after the Palace of Westminster, is a parliamentary government where the Prime Minister and cabinet are also Members of Parliament, fusing executive and legislative powers. This differs from systems with a separation of powers like presidential models.
It operates on parliamentary sovereignty, where Parliament is the supreme legal authority, unlike systems with constitutional courts that can overrule legislation. The First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, where only one MP wins per area, typically leads to single-party majority governments, contrasting with proportional representation that aims for broader party representation.
Additionally, the system formally recognizes a Loyal Opposition, providing a dedicated role for scrutiny. While many Westminster systems have codified constitutions, the UK’s is uncodified, relying on statutes, common law, and convention
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